Nhanganyaya
Iyo yemazuva ano gidhi yemagetsi ndeimwe yeakaomesesa kubudirira kweinjiniya munhoroondo yevanhu, inotambanudzira mumakondinendi kuendesa simba nekukasika kudzimba, mabhizinesi, uye maindasitiri. Zvakadaro, kune ruzhinji rwevashandisi-hukuru uhu hunoramba husingaonekwe kusvika mari yemwedzi wega wega yasvika. Kumira pamharadzano yeutility network yakakura uye pfuma yemutengi yakavanzika chinhu chimwe chete, chisina kuzvikudza: mita yemagetsi. Chishandiso ichi chinoshanda seregisheni yepamutemo yemari yemagetsi ekushandisa network, chinyararire uye ichiramba ichitema kuyerera kwemaerekitironi anopa simba hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.
Kare yaionekwa sebhokisi dema chete rakanamirwa kumadziro ekunze, mita yemagetsi yakave neshanduko yakadzama yetekinoroji mukati memakumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Chakatanga sechikaunda chakareruka chemechanicha chasanduka kuita hunyanzvi hwemakomputa hwemakomputa hunokwanisa nzira mbiri-kutaurirana, chaiyo-kuongororwa kwemhando yemagetsi, uye kunyatsoongorora mashandisirwo. Kunzwisisa kushanda kwemukati uye kuyerwa kwekugona kwemudziyo uyu hausisiri musoro wenyaya kune mainjiniya emagetsi uye utility technicians. Munguva inotsanangurwa nekukwira kwemitengo yemagetsi, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kutekeshera kwakawanda kwekugara kwesimba remagetsi, kugona pfungwa dziri kuseri kwemamita emagetsi ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakuverenga kwesimba razvino. Nekuongorora mashandisiro anoita maturusi aya uye nekudhinda iwo chaiwo metrics avanoteedza, vatengi vanogona kuvhura yakakosha mari yekuchengetedza, kukwidziridza mashandiro avo, uye kutora chikamu zvinobudirira mune ramangwana resimba rakagadzikana.
Iyo Evolution yeMagetsi Measurement: Kubva Electromechanical kuenda Digital
Kuti tinyatso koshesa kuomarara kwemamita emazuva ano, munhu anofanira kutanga aongorora hwaro hwenhoroondo hwayakavakirwa. Kweanoda kusvika makore zana, iyo isingarambiki chiyero chekuyera simba yaive electromechanical induction mita. Yakagadzirwa mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe, ichi chinoshamisa chefizikisi yekirasi inotsamira pane inoyevedza inoyevedza mechanika kutevedzera mashandisirwo esimba. Mukati memagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, aluminium disc yakaiswa pakati pemagineti maviri emagetsi. Imwe electromagnet yakabatana nemagetsi ekupa, ichigadzira magineti yakaenzana nevoltage ye system. Yechipiri magineti emagetsi akabatana neazvino mutoro, ichigadzira magineti yakaenzana nemagetsi anoyerera achipinda mumudziyo.
Sezvo kuchinjika kwazvino kuchipfuura nepakati peaya magineti, inogadzira shanduko yemagineti inounza eddy mafungu mukati mealuminum disc. Kudyidzana pakati peaya eddy mafungu uye magineti minda inoburitsa torque pane disc, ichiita kuti itenderere. Nemhaka yekuti kutenderera kwekutenderera kwe disc kwakanyatsoenderana nechigadzirwa chemagetsi uye ikozvino, shanduko imwe neimwe inomiririra huwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi anopedzwa. Kutenderera uku kunofambiswa kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemagiya kuenda kurejista yemuchina, iyo inoratidza simba rese rekushandisa kuburikidza nemutsara wewachi{3}}sekudhirowa. Kunyange ichigara yakasimba uye ichikwanisa kushanda zvakavimbika munzvimbo dzakaoma dzekunze kwemakumi emakore pasina simba rekunze, electromechanical metres ine zvakasiyana. Ivo vane hunhu hwekupfeka kwemuviri, vanobatwa nemagineti tampering, uye havakwanisi zvachose kutevera paishandiswa simba kana kuongorora kunaka kwesimba rinouya.
Izvo zvinogumira zvemakina masisitimu zvakazokonzera shanduko kuenda kumamita akasimba-enyika yemagetsi. Zvichibuda zvine mukurumbira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, emagetsi metres akabvisa zvikamu zvese zvinofamba, kutsiva magiya uye madhisiki ekutenderera ane akanyanya kurongeka semiconductor zvikamu. Panzvimbo pekutsamira pane yakanyudzwa torque, dhijitari yemagetsi mita inoshandisa nyanzvi sensors kuenderera mberi kuenzanisa voltage uye mafungu emazuva ano achipinda munzvimbo. Aya masaini eanalogi anobva ashandurwa kuita data repamusoro-resolution yedhijitari neanalogi yepamusoro-ku-mashanduri edhijitari. Iyo microprocessor yakatsaurirwa inogadzirisa aya masampuli edhijitari zviuru zvenguva pasekondi, kuverenga mashandisirwo esimba aine mwero wekurongeka uyo mamechanic metres aisambokwanisa kuwana. Iyo data yakaverengerwa inozoratidzwa paintegrated liquid crystal display yochengetwa mu-volatile solid solid-state memory, zvichiita kuti data yachengetedzwa kunyangwe magetsi akadzimwa.
Muganhu wazvino weiyi tekinoroji shanduko inotsanangurwa nekupararira kwakapararira kwemamita akangwara, nehunyanzvi anonzi Advanced Metering Infrastructure masisitimu. Smart metres anotora misimboti yekuvaka kweiyo solid{1}}state electronic metre uye anobatanidza advanced communication modules. Panzvimbo pekuda kuti muverengi wemamita emunhu ashanyire chivakwa mwedzi wega wega kuti arekode nhamba pachiratidziro, mita yemagetsi yakangwara inozivisa data rayo zvakananga kumubatsiri wekushandisa nguva nenguva, kazhinji maminetsi gumi neshanu kana makumi matatu ega ega. Kukurukurirana uku kunowanikwa kuburikidza neakasiyana akachengeteka asina waya newaya matekinoroji, anosanganisira maserura network, radio frequency mesh network, uye magetsi tambo yekutakura masisitimu uko data rinofambiswa zvakananga pamusoro petambo dzemagetsi dziripo. Iyi-nzira mbiri dzekugona kutaurirana dzinobvumira zvinoshandisa kuona kudzima nekukasira, kugadzirisa grid balanceing munguva chaiyo, kugadzirisa tariff zvimiro zvine simba, uye kupa vatengi mukana usina kumboitika kune yavo yega data rekushandisa kuburikidza nemawebhu portals uye nharembozha.
Core Metrics: Chii Chaizvo Chinonzi Magetsi Meter Kuyera?
Kuti unyatso kududzira iyo data yakatorwa nemagetsi mita, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise akasiyana emagetsi emagetsi ayo mudziyo unoteedzera. Iyo yakanyanya kukosha metric yakayerwa nechero mita yemagetsi isimba rinoshanda, rinova iro chairo rinoshandiswa simba rinoita basa mudunhu remagetsi. Simba rinoshanda rinoyerwa mumawatts, uye nekuti dzimba nemabhizinesi zvinodya huwandu hukuru hwesimba, zvinoshandiswa zvinoratidza kushandiswa uku mumakilowatts, ayo akaenzana chiuru chewatts. Nekudaro, zvishandiso hazvibhadharise vatengi zvichibva pasimba chete; vanobhadhara maererano nesimba, iro simba rinowedzerwa nenguva. Kuwedzera kushandiswa uku kunoratidzwa mukilowatt-maawa. Semuyenzaniso, kana bhizinesi richishandisa ten-kilowatt heat system kwemaawa matatu nguva dzose, mita yemagetsi inotaridza kushandiswa kwemaawa makumi matatu emakilowatt{7}}esimba. Iyi metric inoumba hwaro hwekubhadharisa magetsi kutenderera pasirese.
Munzvimbo dzekutengeserana uye dzemaindasitiri, maitiro ekuyera anowedzera kuomesesa nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinogonesa uye capacitive mitoro, senge mahombe emagetsi mota, ma transformer, uye nyanzvi yemagetsi michina. Midziyo iyi inosuma chiitiko chinozivikanwa sereactive power. Kusiyana nesimba rinoshanda, iro rinoita basa chairo remuviri sekutenderedza bhandi rekutakura kana kuvhenekera mukamuri, reactive simba rinomiririra simba rinochengetwa kwenguva pfupi uye rinoburitswa nemagineti nemagetsi minda yemidziyo. Reactive simba rinobvongodza nekudzoka pakati pegridi yekushandisa nemidziyo yemutengi pasina kudyiwa zvachose. Iri-simba risiri kushanda rinoyerwa nevolt-amperes reactive, kana kuti kazhinji, kilovolt-amperes reactive. Kunyangwe simba rekuita risingapedzwe nenzira yechinyakare, mupi wekushandisa anofanirwa kuramba achivaka nekuchengetedza chivakwa chinokwanisa kutakura iyi yekuwedzera ikozvino, inoisa mumwe mutoro pamitsara yekutapurirana uye matransformer.
Kuti uverenge mutoro wemagetsi wakaiswa panetiweki, mamita epamusoro anoverenga metric yechitatu inozivikanwa sesimba rinoonekwa. Simba rinoonekwa ndiro mubatanidzwa wemasvomhu wesimba rinoshanda uye reactive simba, rinomiririra simba rose rinounzwa neutility kune nzvimbo. Inopimwa nevolt-amperes kana kilovolt-amperes. Hukama huri pakati pesimba rinoshanda nesimba rinoonekwa rinoratidzwa kuburikidza neakakosha ekuita metric inonzi simba factor. Chinhu chesimba ireshiyo isina dimensionless inoverengerwa nekupatsanura simba rinoshanda nesimba rinoonekwa. Chinhu chakakwana chesimba chechimwe chinoreva kuti simba rose remagetsi rinounzwa kune imwe nzvimbo riri kushandurwa kuita basa rinobatsira. Chinhu chakaderera chesimba chinoratidza kuti huwandu hwakakosha hwesimba rekuita huri kutenderera muhurongwa, huchimanikidza iyo utility kupa yazvino kupfuura inodiwa kuita basa raunoda. Nekuti yakaderera magetsi zvinhu zvinodzikisira kushanda kwegridi, magetsi emazuva ano metres akaiswa panzvimbo dzekutengesa anoteedzera reshiyo iyi zvakanyanya, uye zvinoshandiswa zvinogara zvichitemesa zvirango zvinorema zvemari kumabhizinesi anotadza kuchengetedza yakakwana simba chinhu.
Kupfuura kuronda huwandu uye kunaka kwesimba remagetsi, mamita emazuva ano anoenderana zvakanyanya nemamiriro enguva ekushandiswa kwesimba. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nekuyerwa kwekudiwa kwakanyanya uye nguva-ye-mametric ekushandisa. Peak kudiwa inomiririra mwero wepamusoro-soro weavhareji yekushandisa simba inorekodhwa nemamita mukati menguva diki diki, kazhinji inotendereka yemaminitsi gumi neshanu-hwindo mukati mekubhadhara. Kunyange kana bhizinesi rikashandisa simba rakazara shoma mukati memwedzi, kuwedzera kupfupi kwekushandisa kunokonzerwa nekutanga michina yakawanda inorema panguva imwe chete kunogona kugadzira kudiwa kwakanyanya kwepamusoro. Zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza chizvarwa chakakwana uye kugona kugovera kubata aya mapfupi epamusoro, ndosaka mabhiri ekutengesa achiwanzo sanganisira machajeti ekudiwa anoenderana nekuverenga kumwe kwepamusoro. Uyezve, masmart metres anogonesa nguva-ye-yemitengo yekushandisa, apo mutengo pa kilowatt-paawa unochinja zvichienderana nenguva yezuva. Mamita anopatsanura kushandiswa kwakarekodhwa kuita maregister akasiyana anoenderana nenguva dzepamusoro-soro apo grid strain yakakwira, kuvharwa{12}}nguva dzepamusoro kana kudiwa kuri kushoma, uye maawa epakati kana kudiwa kuri pakati nepakati, zvichiita kuti vekushandisa vashandise kurudziro yemari kukurudzira kuchengetedza panguva-yakanyanya kudiwa.
Iwo Mechanics eKushanda: Mameta Akasiyana Akaverengera Kushandiswa
Maitiro emukati anobvumira mita yemagetsi kushandura mavhiri emagetsi kuita chaiyo data rezvemari anovimba nepamusoro-soro sensor architectures uye digital processing algorithms. Papakati pemamita emagetsi edhijitari kana akangwara ndiwo azvino uye magetsi anonzwa zvinhu. Kuyera ikozvino zvisina njodzi uye nemazvo pasina kukanganisa kupihwa kwemagetsi, mamita anoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvakaita sematransformer aripo, Rogowski coils, kana yakakwirira-precision shunt resistors. Vashanduri vemazuva ano vanoputira maconductors emagetsi ari kuuya, vachigadzira yechipiri ikozvino inonyatsoenderana neyokutanga ikozvino asi yakanyanya kuderedzwa muhukuru. Shunt resistors, neimwe nzira, inoiswa yakananga munzira yeazvino, ichibvumira mita kuti ione iyo yakazara ikozvino nekuyera miniti voltage kudonha pane inopikisa yeinozivikanwa, yakakosha kukosha. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mavoltage dividers anodonhedza magetsi arikuuya akakwira kusvika kune yakachengeteka, -yakaderera{6}voltage sigini inogona kugadzikiswa zviri nyore nemagetsi ari mukati memita.
Kana izvi zvikero-zvinodzika magetsi uye masigning emazuva ano atorwa, anonangidzirwa kune imwe application-specific integrated circuit yakagadzirirwa kuyera simba. Chip iyi ine hunyanzvi hwemhando yepamusoro ine analogi akawanda-ku{4}}madhijitari edhijitari anoedza magetsi nemasaisai emazuva ano nemafrequency akakwirisa zvisingaite, kazhinji anodarika zviuru zvakapetwa kane zviuru pasekondi. Uku kukurumidza kwesampling rate kunodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mita inobata zvese zvemasaisai anochinjana aripo, kusanganisira yakakwirira-kuvhiringika kwefrequency uye ruzha runokonzerwa neasina{7}}magetsi emagetsi. Iyo microprocessor yemukati inobva yaita mathematical kuwanda algorithms, ichiwedzera ipapo ipapo voltage sampuli neiyo ipapo sampuli yazvino kuona simba rinoshanda pakarepo. Aya masvomhu emagetsi anosanganiswa nemasvomhu nekufamba kwenguva kuti avandudze marejista esimba akawedzerwa akachengetwa mukati memeta yakachengeteka yemukati mendangariro.
Munzvimbo yemazuva ano yesimba, kushanda kwemamita emagetsi kunofanirwawo kugarisa kuyerera kwemagetsi. Nemamiriyoni edzimba uye mabhizinesi anoisa pamusoro pedenga rezuva photovoltaic mapaneru kana emuno mhepo turbines, vatengi vazhinji vakachinja kuita vagadziri, chiitiko chinozivikanwa mukati meindasitiri se prosumers. Kana chivakwa chikaburitsa magetsi akawanda kupfuura zvaari kushandisa parizvino, simba rakawandisa rinoyerera richidzokera kumashure kuburikidza nemamita emagetsi richibuda richipinda mugedhi rekushandisa veruzhinji. Meta yemagetsi edhijitari yemazuva ano inobata chiitiko ichi kuburikidza neyakaomesesa programming framework inozivikanwa senet metering. Panzvimbo pokungodzokera shure semita yakare inogadzirwa nemichina, mita yakangwara inochengeta marejista emukati akaparadzana, akachengeteka zvikuru nokuda kwesimba rinopinza munyika, iro riri magetsi anotorwa kubva mugetsi, uye simba rekutumira kunze, iro riri magetsi akachena anodzorerwa kugridi. Uku kupatsanurwa kwakasiyana kwedata kunodzivirira hutsotsi uye kunovimbisa kuti chishandiso chinogona kukweretesa mutengi zvakanyatsoenderana nemitero yenzvimbo yekudzora simba rinodzokororwa ravanopa kune network yenharaunda.
Zvishandiso Zvinoshanda: Kududzira Iyo Dhata Yekubudirira uye Kuchengeta
Nepo magadzirirwo emagetsi emamita emagetsi achifadza zvisingarambike, kukosha kwechokwadi kwemudziyo kunobva pakuti vatengi vanogona kushandisa ruzivo rwachinoburitsa kuti vawane pundutso,{0}}panyika yose uye kuchengetedza mari. Kune vashandisi vazhinji, nhanho yekutanga mukuvhura kukosha uku kudzidza nzira yekunyatso dhizaini yemvura yekristaro kuratidzwa kwemamita emazuva ano edhijitari. Kusiyana nemhando dzechinyakare dzemakina dzakaratidza nhamba imwe chete inoenderera, mita yedhijitari inowanzoshanda pane inoenderera kutenderera kutenderera, ichipenya kuburikidza nekutevedzana kweakasiyana data skrini masekonzi mashoma ega ega. Imwe neimwe skrini inoperekedzwa nekodhi yakamisikidzwa yekuzivikanwa, kazhinji ichitevera iyo yepasirese Object Identification System standard. Nekunzwisisa macode aya, mushandisi haangoverenge makilowatt-awa azvino chete asiwo nguva iripo, zuva, nguva chaiyo-inodiwa mumakilowatts, chikamu chekubhadhara chiripo, uye zviratidzo zvekuongorora. Kuziva macode ekukanganisa kana kukanganisa mireza pachiratidziro ichi zvakare kunogona kubatsira maneja ezvivakwa nekukasira kuona kukonzeresa kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kana kusashanda zvakanaka kwemidziyo vasati vakwira munjodzi kana kutadza kwakaipisisa.
Imwe yeanonyanya kushanda mabhenefiti ekudyidzana neakangwara magetsi mita ndiko kugona kuona uye kubvisa simba phantoms, iyo inozivikanwa zvakare seyakamira magetsi mitoro. Midziyo mizhinji yemazuva ano yemagetsi, machaja, masisitimu evaraidzo, uye michina yemuhofisi zvinoshandisa mashoma emagetsi emagetsi kunyangwe akadzima kana kuiswa mumodhi yekurara. Mumwe nemumwe, mitoro iyi midiki, asi pamwe chete, vanogona kuverengera chikamu chakakura chesimba rekutanga reimba. Nekuwana iyo chaiyo-inodiwa sikirini pamita yemagetsi kana kuongorora data reawa rinopihwa kuburikidza neutility portal panguva iyo nzvimbo isina vanhu, senge pakati pehusiku, mutengi anogona kutsaura iyi yekutanga kushandiswa. Muono uyu unobvumira vanhu kuti vagadzirise zvakanangwa, sekushandisa matambo emagetsi akangwara anodzima magetsi kumudziyo wepamhepo kana usingashandiswi, zvichidzika pasi pekugara, -kusina kugadzirwa kwesimba renzvimbo.
Pamusoro pazvo, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwedata remamita kunobvumira hurongwa hwemashandisirwo ekushandisa munzvimbo dzinotongwa-ne-yekushandisa kana kudiwa-kunoenderana nemitengo yemitengo. Kune zvivakwa zvemaindasitiri uye mabhizinesi makuru ekutengesa, kutarisa iyo yepamusoro yekuda rejista pamamita emagetsi chinhu chakakosha chekushanda. Nekushandisa load{{5}maprotocols kana kudzikamisa kutevedzana kwemichina inorema, maneja anoshanda anogona kuona kuti michina yemagetsi yakawanda-haishande panguva imwe chete, kudzikamisa chimiro chenzvimbo yacho uye kudzivirira kubhadhariswa kwembavha yakawandisa. Saizvozvowo, vatengi vemudzimba vanokwanisa kushandisa data yemamita akangwara kushandura simba guru-mabasa akasimba, akadai sekumhanyisa mbatya dzemagetsi, kuchaja mota dzemagetsi, kana kushandisa mafirita emvura, kure nemahwindo anodhura anoratidzwa nerejista yemita uye kuenda kune{9}}mutengo wakaderera{10}nguva dzepamusoro. Iyi proactive maitiro haingodzikisi zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemunhu ega asi zvakare inobatsira kudzikisira kuomarara kweruzhinji pane yeruzhinji grid zvivakwa panguva dzekudiwa kwakanyanya kwenharaunda.
Mhedziso
Mamita emagetsi achinja kubva pachishandiswa chakareruka, chakasarudzika chemagetsi{{0}kurekodhwa kwemagetsi kuenda kune yakangwara, yakanyatsobatanidzwa yekuongorora iri kumucheto kweiyo yemazuva ano smart grid infrastructure. Murwendo rwese urwu rwakadzama rwetekinoroji, chinangwa chekutanga chechishandiso chakaramba chakabatikana nemazvo: kushandura kufambisa uye kusingaonekwe kwesimba remagetsi kuita metrics akajeka, anogoneka uye anogona kuita. Kubva pachiyero chekutanga chesimba rinowedzera kushanda kusvika pakutsvagisa kwepamusoro kwesimba rinoshanda, simba rinoonekwa, simba remagetsi, uye nguva-yakadhindwa peak inodiwa, mita yemazuva ano inopa humbowo hwakadzama hwekuti chivakwa chaicho chinodyidzana sei negedhi resimba rakakura. Kusanganisirwa kwekugona kunzwa kwemativi maviri kwakasimbisa basa remamita sechishandiso chakakosha chekubatanidza zviwanikwa zvesimba rinogonekazve, kufambisa kuchinjana kwesimba kwakaringana uye kuri pachena pakati pemambure ekushandisa nemaprosum azvino.
Pakupedzisira, simba remamita emagetsi rinoonekwa kana vatengi vachinja kubva kune vanongotambira mabhiri epamwedzi kuita anoshanda, -anofambiswa nemamaneja emagetsi etsoka dzavo. Hupfumi hweruzivo rwakatorwa neazvino ma metering masisitimu hunopa kujeka chaiko kunodiwa kupatsanura kusashanda zvakanaka, kubvisa mitoro yephantom, kuderedza peak kudiwa zvirango, uye kuwiriranisa mashandisiro esimba neakanyanya tariff zvimiro. Sezvo chikamu chesimba repasi rose chiri kuramba chichienda nekukurumidza decarbonization, decentralization, uye shanduko yedhijitari, mita yemagetsi icharamba iri chinhu chakakosha mukutsvaga kwekusimudzira. Nekupa nguva yekunzwisisa kuti mudziyo uyu unoshanda sei uye kuti unoyera chii chaizvo, vanhu vega nemabhizinesi zvakafanana vanogona kuwana kutonga kwakazara pamusoro pemashandisiro avo emagetsi, zvichipa zvakananga kune remangwana rakasimba, rinoshanda, uye rakagadzikana mune zvehupfumi.